The Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable Double Density (QSFP-DD) is a high-speed optical transceiver designed to meet the growing demand for bandwidth in modern data centers. Capable of supporting 400 Gbps data rates, 400G QSFP-DD modules leverage advanced technology to deliver high performance, making them a cornerstone for next-generation networking solutions. These transceivers are compact, hot-pluggable, and designed to handle the increasing data traffic driven by cloud computing, AI, and big data applications.
High-Performance Computing (HPC) environments require robust networking solutions to process massive datasets and complex computations efficiently. 400G QSFP-DD transceivers provide the high bandwidth and low latency needed for HPC applications, enabling faster data transfer between servers, storage systems, and networking equipment. Their ability to support large-scale AI, machine learning, and scientific simulations makes them critical for modern HPC ecosystems.
The QSFP-DD (Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable Double Density) is a high-density, pluggable transceiver form factor developed for 400G and higher-speed applications. Building on the QSFP28 footprint, it features a dual-row 76-pin electrical interface and supports 8 high-speed lanes, each capable of 25G NRZ or 50G PAM4 signaling—enabling up to 400G data rates. The compact design ensures efficient use of rack space, a key consideration for densely packed data centers.
QSFP-DD balances backward compatibility with forward-looking scalability, adapting to existing QSFP28/56 systems. It maintains backward compatibility with legacy QSFP modules, enabling seamless integration into current infrastructures. While supporting power requirements of up to 14W through an optimized thermal design, it delivers robust plug-and-play capability and heat dissipation performance.
The form factor accommodates various optical configurations such as DR4, FR4, and LR8, making it ideal for data center, high-performance computing (HPC), and core network deployments. As the industry moves toward 800G, QSFP-DD is evolving into QSFP-DD800, paving the way for next-generation high-bandwidth connectivity.
Pulse Amplitude Modulation 4-level (PAM4) is a key technology in 400G transceivers, enabling higher data rates by encoding two bits per symbol. This allows QSFP-DD modules to achieve 400 Gbps over fewer lanes compared to traditional NRZ modulation, reducing complexity while maintaining signal integrity over long distances.
400G QSFP-DD optical modules can be categorized based on transmission distance and application scenarios as follows:
The 400G QSFP-DD SR4 and SR8 optical transceivers are specifically designed for ultra-high-density, short-reach data center interconnects. Leveraging mature VCSEL (Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser) technology and multimode fiber (MMF), they offer one of the most cost-effective 400G Ethernet connectivity solutions—ideal for high-speed links between servers and Top-of-Rack (ToR) switches, as well as between leaf and spine switches within the data center.
Short-range QSFP-DD modules, such as SR4 and SR8, are optimized for distances up to 100 meters using multimode fiber. SR8 uses eight parallel fibers, offering flexibility for high-density applications, while SR4 is suited for cost-sensitive, shorter-reach connections.
The 400G QSFP-DD DR4 and FR4 transceivers are high-performance optical modules designed for medium- to long-range interconnects in data centers and high-performance computing (HPC) environments. Both support 400 Gbps transmission in the QSFP-DD form factor with excellent power efficiency, signal integrity, and system compatibility.
Medium-range modules like DR4 and FR4 support distances up to 500 meters (DR4) and 2 kilometers (FR4) using single-mode fiber. These are ideal for intra-data center interconnects, balancing performance and reach. While both utilize PAM4 modulation and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technologies, they differ significantly in implementation and target application scenarios.
The 400G QSFP-DD DR4 module uses 4 parallel optical lanes transmitting at 100G each (4×100G PAM4), typically over parallel single-mode fiber (PSM) with MTP/MPO-12 connectors. It is optimized for short to medium-reach connections of up to 500 meters. This makes it ideal for high-throughput links between switches within the same data center, such as leaf-to-spine interconnects.
In contrast, the 400G QSFP-DD FR4 module employs 4 wavelengths multiplexed onto a single fiber using coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) technology (4×100G PAM4 over a duplex LC connector). This enables longer transmission distances of up to 2 kilometers over duplex SMF, and is more suitable for rack-to-rack or data hall-to-data hall connectivity where fiber availability is limited and reach is critical.
In summary, DR4 offers a lower-cost, high-density solution for short-range applications with abundant fiber infrastructure, while FR4 provides greater reach and simpler cabling for medium-range deployments with limited fiber resources.
The 400G QSFP-DD LR4, LR8, and ER4 modules are high-speed optical transceivers designed for medium to long-reach and ultra-long-reach transmission. They use the QSFP-DD form factor and support PAM4 modulation. These modules are widely used in scenarios such as data center interconnect (DCI), metro area networks (MAN), high-performance computing (HPC), and carrier backbone networks.
Long-range variants, including LR4, LR8, and ER4, support distances up to 10 km (LR4/LR8) and 40 km (ER4). These modules cater to inter-data center connectivity, ensuring reliable performance over extended distances.
|
Parameter |
400G QSFP-DD LR4
|
400G QSFP-DD LR8
|
400G QSFP-DD ER8
|
| Connector Type |
Duplex LC |
Duplex LC |
Duplex LC |
| Fiber Type |
SMF |
SMF |
SMF |
| Max Transmission Distance |
10km |
10km |
40km |
| Channel Configuration |
4×100G WDM (CWDM4) |
8×50G WDM |
4×100G WDM |
| Tx Wavelength |
1264.5 ~ 1337.5 nm |
1273.5 ~ 1373.5 nm |
1273.5 ~ 1373.5 nm |
| Receiver Sensitivity |
＜–6 dBm |
＜–6 dBm |
＜–17 dBm |
| Optical Modulation |
PAM4 |
PAM4 |
PAM4 |
| Electrical Interface |
8×50G PAM4 (400GAUI-8) |
8×50G PAM4 (400GAUI-8) |
8×50G PAM4 (400GAUI-8) |
| Typical Power Consumption |
≤12W |
≤14W |
≤16W |
| Operating Temperature |
0℃ ~ 70℃ |
0℃ ~ 70℃ |
0℃ ~ 70℃ |
| Compliance Standards |
IEEE 802.3bs、QSFP-DD MSA |
IEEE 802.3bs、OIF |
IEEE 802.3cn、OIF |
400G QSFP-DD transceivers deliver unprecedented bandwidth, enabling HPC systems to handle massive data volumes. This is critical for applications like AI training, where large datasets must be processed in real time.
By consolidating data transmission into fewer ports, 400G transceivers reduce cabling complexity and improve network efficiency. This streamlined approach minimizes latency and enhances overall system performance.
While initial costs for 400G technology may be higher, the increased bandwidth per port reduces the number of transceivers and cables needed, lowering long-term operational costs. QSFP-DD’s scalability supports future network upgrades, making it a cost-effective solution.
QSFP-DD modules are designed to optimize power efficiency, consuming less energy per bit compared to previous generations. This is crucial for HPC environments, where power usage directly impacts operational costs and sustainability.
QSFP-DD’s backward compatibility with QSFP28 and QSFP56 ensures that data centers can upgrade to 400G without overhauling existing systems, reducing deployment costs and complexity.
400G transceivers enable high-speed interconnects between data centers, supporting the rapid transfer of large datasets. This is essential for distributed computing and cloud-based services.
QSFP-DD modules support both Ethernet and InfiniBand protocols, making them versatile for various HPC networking requirements. This flexibility ensures compatibility with diverse hardware ecosystems.
AI and machine learning applications require massive data throughput and low latency. 400G QSFP-DD transceivers meet these demands, enabling faster model training and real-time inference in HPC environments.
Adopting 400G technology requires careful planning, including upgrading cabling infrastructure and ensuring compatibility with existing hardware. Data centers must address these challenges to maximize performance.
While QSFP-DD is backward compatible, integration with older systems may require firmware updates or additional hardware, potentially increasing deployment complexity.
Balancing upfront costs with long-term performance benefits is a key consideration. Organizations must evaluate whether 400G’s advantages justify the investment based on their specific needs.
As demand for bandwidth grows, the industry is already exploring 800G transceivers. QSFP-DD’s design provides a foundation for future upgrades, ensuring longevity in evolving networks. Innovations in PAM4, coherent optics, and silicon photonics are driving improvements in 400G transceivers, promising even greater efficiency and performance in the future.
A: SR4 uses four fibers for 400G, suitable for short distances, while SR8 uses eight fibers, offering higher flexibility for high-density applications.
A: PAM4 encodes two bits per symbol, doubling data rates compared to NRZ, enabling 400G over fewer lanes with improved signal efficiency.
A: Typical use cases include AI training, machine learning inference, data center interconnects, and large-scale scientific simulations.
A: Yes, QSFP-DD is backward compatible with QSFP28 and QSFP56, allowing integration with existing infrastructure.
A: Challenges include upgrading cabling, ensuring compatibility, and managing costs while transitioning to higher-speed networks.
